{"id":58422,"date":"2020-12-15T03:00:55","date_gmt":"2020-12-15T02:00:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/?p=58422"},"modified":"2021-11-17T08:49:01","modified_gmt":"2021-11-17T07:49:01","slug":"delivery-drones-and-the-environment","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/en\/delivery-drones-and-the-environment\/","title":{"rendered":"Delivery drones and the environment"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>A technology with uncertain potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from e-commerce and the logistics industry and concerns over increased noise pollution and threats to wildlife.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-58423\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920-300x138.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"450\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920-300x138.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920-1024x470.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920-768x353.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920-1536x706.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/drone-2724257_1920.jpg 1920w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 450px) 100vw, 450px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<p><strong>Drones, originally developed and used for military purposes, have found applications in many civil sector areas during the last decade.<\/strong>\u00a0Although often referred to as \u2018remotely piloted aircraft systems\u2019 or \u2018unmanned aircraft\/vehicles\/systems\u2019, drones are commonly defined simply as flying objects or \u2018robots\u2019 with no pilot on board (Santamarina Campos, 2018). The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) defines a drone as:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"pullquote-full eea-block\"><p>an aircraft without a human pilot on board, whose flight is controlled either autonomously or under the remote control of a pilot on the ground or in another vehicle.<\/p>\n<p class=\"source\">EASA, 2015<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Drones can vary in size, speed, endurance and take-off weight<\/strong>\u00a0(EC, 2014). They can take the form of either an aeroplane with fixed wings or a helicopter using a tilt rotor system (Nentwich and Horv\u00e1th, 2018a). Drones can be piloted remotely by an operator or fly automatically without any kind of human intervention. The autonomous mode is essential for delivery drones, as an individual pilot behind each drone would be too costly (Nentwich and Horv\u00e1th, 2018a). Emergency remote control enables an operator to activate manual operation of the drone at any time (Krishna et al., 2016; Brunner et al.,2018).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Drone technology is evolving at a very fast pace and has increasing potential to compete successfully with more traditional alternatives in a number of sectors beyond retail and delivery.<\/strong>\u00a0Such sectors include research, observation and monitoring, nature conservation, agriculture, emergency response for humanitarian action and civil protection, leisure, competitive sports, tourism and cultural heritage, cinema and photography. This potential is reflected in the exponential growth of drone-related markets recently, benefiting both manufacturers and service providers (Santamarina Campos, 2018). In 2016, approximately 2.2\u00a0million drones were sold for personal and commercial use worldwide (Gartner, 2017). Some specialised analysts consider that the global drone market could grow from USD\u00a014\u00a0billion in 2018 to USD\u00a043\u00a0billion in 2024 (Drone Industry Insights, 2019).<\/p>\n<p><strong>At present, the sale of customer drones (for personal use) is much higher than that of commercial drones, which include delivery drones.<\/strong>\u00a0In Europe, the estimated number of commercial drones operating in 2016 was 10\u00a0000 units, compared with 1-1.5\u00a0million consumer drone units (SESAR, 2016).<strong>\u00a0The number of commercial drones is forecast to rise rapidly<\/strong>, however, reaching projected sales in Europe of 200\u00a0000 units in 2025 and 395\u00a0000 units in 2035 (SESAR, 2016). Of the latter figure, 150\u00a0000\u00a0units are expected to be used in agriculture, 70\u00a0000 for delivery, 60\u00a0000 for public safety and security, 10\u00a0000 in the energy sector and 100 000 units in other growth sectors, such as media and mining and construction (SESAR, 2016). Drones for delivery are attractive to manufacturers (Molina and O\u00f1a, 2018) as they have very substantial potential for long-term growth (EC, 2014; SESAR, 2016; Doole et al.,2018).<\/p>\n<p><strong>The forecast growth in delivery drone fleets is based in part on the strong interest expressed by large multinational companies such as Amazon, DHL and Google.<\/strong>\u00a0Delivery drones are already in use today by small enterprises such as Zipline International (for the delivery of medical products in Africa). In 2016, Amazon experimentally launched its Prime Air delivery service in the United Kingdom (Amazon, 2016). Austria\u2019s postal service tested drone delivery of packages up to 3.5\u00a0kg in 2017 (Nentwich and Horv\u00e1th, 2018a). DHL concluded a pilot project using parcel drones to deliver medicine to remote areas in 2018 (Deutsche Post DHL Group, 2018).<\/p>\n<p>Overall,\u00a0<strong>investments in research and development are growing<\/strong>. Many research efforts focus on the development of sense and avoid technology, which is essential for autonomous drones to operate safely and without collision (Nentwich and Horv\u00e1th, 2018a). The EU is also prioritising investments in artificial intelligence to enable complex drone operations with a high degree of automation and security (IenW and EASA, 2018). Other areas of research include cargo transport and release technology, energy efficiency, noise pollution, safety and security (Brunner et al., 2018).<\/p>\n<h3>More information<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.eea.europa.eu\/themes\/sustainability-transitions\/drivers-of-change\/delivery-drones-and-the-environment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Full article &#8211; European Environment Agency<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A technology with uncertain potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from e-commerce and the logistics industry and concerns over increased noise pollution and threats to wildlife. Drones, originally developed and used for military purposes, have found applications in many civil sector areas during the last decade.\u00a0Although often referred to as \u2018remotely piloted aircraft systems\u2019 or [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101012,"featured_media":58423,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[4085,346,4082,4084],"tags":[2490,2073,645],"class_list":{"0":"post-58422","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-environment","8":"category-eu-news","9":"category-research-innovation","10":"category-technology","11":"tag-drones","12":"tag-gas-emissions","13":"tag-technology","14":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Delivery drones and the environment | CDE Almer\u00eda - Centro de Documentaci\u00f3n Europea - Universidad de Almer\u00eda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/en\/delivery-drones-and-the-environment\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Delivery drones and the environment | CDE Almer\u00eda - Centro de Documentaci\u00f3n Europea - Universidad de Almer\u00eda\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A technology with uncertain potential for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from e-commerce and the logistics industry and concerns over increased noise pollution and threats to wildlife. 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