{"id":36769,"date":"2020-02-28T03:00:38","date_gmt":"2020-02-28T02:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/?p=36769"},"modified":"2020-02-27T10:08:12","modified_gmt":"2020-02-27T09:08:12","slug":"enigma-a-dwarf-star-produces-a-supereruption","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/en\/enigma-a-dwarf-star-produces-a-supereruption\/","title":{"rendered":"Enigma: a dwarf star produces a supereruption"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"abstract article__block article__item\">\n<p><strong>A star of about eight percent the Sun\u2019s mass<\/strong> has been caught <strong>emitting an enormous \u2018super flare\u2019 of X-rays<\/strong> \u2013 a dramatic high-energy eruption that poses a fundamental problem for astronomers, who did not think it possible on stars that small.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella.jpg\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-9035 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella-300x194.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella-300x194.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella-768x498.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella-1024x664.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/10\/estrella.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h3>J0331-27<\/h3>\n<p>The culprit, known by its catalogue number J0331-27, is a kind of star called an L\u00a0dwarf. This is a star with so little mass that it is only just above the boundary of actually being a star. If it had any less mass, it would not possess the internal conditions necessary to generate its own energy.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article__block\">\n<p>Astronomers spotted the enormous X-ray flare in data recorded on 5 July 2008 by the European Photon Imaging Camera (EPIC) onboard ESA\u2019s XMM-Newton X-ray observatory. In a matter of minutes, the tiny star released more than ten times more energy of even the most intense flares suffered by the Sun.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p>Flares are released when the magnetic field in a star\u2019s atmosphere becomes unstable and collapses into a simpler configuration. In the process, it releases a large proportion of the energy that has been stored in it.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>\u201cThis is the most interesting scientific part of the discovery, because we did not expect L-dwarf stars to store enough energy in their magnetic fields to give rise to such outbursts,\u201d says Beate Stelzer, Institut f\u00fcr Astronomie und Astrophysik T\u00fcbingen, Germany, and INAF \u2013 Osservatorio Astronomico di Palermo, Italy, who was part of the study team.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Energy can only be placed in a star\u2019s magnetic field by charged particles, which are also known as ionised material and created in high-temperature environments. As an L\u00a0dwarf, however, J0331-27 has a low surface temperature for a star \u2013 just 2100K compared to the roughly 6000K on the Sun. Astronomers did not think such a low temperature would be capable of generating enough charged particles to feed so much energy into the magnetic field. So the conundrum is: how a super flare is even possible on such a star.<\/p>\n<p>The super flare was discovered in the XMM-Newton data archive as part of a large research project led by Andrea De Luca of INAF \u2013 Istituto di Astrofisica Spaziale e Fisica Cosmica in Milan, Italy. The project studied the temporal variability of around 400\u00a0000 sources detected by XMM-Newton over 13 years<\/p>\n<p>A number of similar stars had been seen to emit super flares in the optical part of the spectrum, but this is the first unambiguous detection of such an eruption at X-ray wavelengths.<\/p>\n<h3>Further steps<\/h3>\n<p>Understanding the similarities and differences between this new \u2013 and so far unique \u2013 super flare on the L\u00a0dwarf and previously observed flares, detected at all wavelengths on stars of higher mass is now a priority for the team.<\/p>\n<p>One clue they do have is that there is only one flare from J0331-27 in the data, despite XMM-Newton having observed the star for a total of 3.5 million seconds \u2013 about 40 days. This is peculiar because other flaring stars tend to suffer from numerous smaller flares too.<\/p>\n<p><em>\u201cThe data seem to imply that it takes an L\u00a0dwarf longer to build up the energy, and then there is one sudden big release,\u201d<\/em> says Beate.<\/p>\n<p>Stars that flare more frequently release less energy each time, while this L\u00a0dwarf seems to release energy very rarely but then in a really big event.<\/p>\n<h3>More information<\/h3>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Science_Exploration\/Space_Science\/XMM-Newton_reveals_giant_flare_from_a_tiny_star\">Full news<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A star of about eight percent the Sun\u2019s mass has been caught emitting an enormous \u2018super flare\u2019 of X-rays \u2013 a dramatic high-energy eruption that poses a fundamental problem for astronomers, who did not think it possible on stars that small. J0331-27 The culprit, known by its catalogue number J0331-27, is a kind of star [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":101012,"featured_media":24862,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"_genesis_hide_title":false,"_genesis_hide_breadcrumbs":false,"_genesis_hide_singular_image":false,"_genesis_hide_footer_widgets":false,"_genesis_custom_body_class":"","_genesis_custom_post_class":"","_genesis_layout":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[346],"tags":[656,662],"class_list":{"0":"post-36769","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-eu-news","8":"tag-space","9":"tag-universe","10":"entry"},"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Enigma: a dwarf star produces a supereruption | CDE Almer\u00eda - Centro de Documentaci\u00f3n Europea - Universidad de Almer\u00eda<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.cde.ual.es\/en\/enigma-a-dwarf-star-produces-a-supereruption\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Enigma: a dwarf star produces a supereruption | CDE Almer\u00eda - Centro de Documentaci\u00f3n Europea - Universidad de Almer\u00eda\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A star of about eight percent the Sun\u2019s mass has been caught emitting an enormous \u2018super flare\u2019 of X-rays \u2013 a dramatic high-energy eruption that poses a fundamental problem for astronomers, who did not think it possible on stars that small. 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